RESUMO
Repetitive DNA sequences have been widely used in cytogenetic analyses. The use of gene sequences with a low-copy-number, however, is little explored especially in plants. To date, the karyotype details in Brachiaria spp. are limited to the location of rDNA sites. The challenge lies in developing new probes based on incomplete sequencing data for the genus or complete sequencing of related species, since there are no model species with a sequenced genome in Brachiaria spp. The present study aimed at the physical location of conserved genes in chromosomes of Brachiaria ruziziensis, Brachiaria brizantha, and Brachiaria decumbens using RNAseq data, as well as sequences of Setaria italica and Sorghum bicolor through the fluorescent in situ hybridization technique. Five out of approximately 90 selected sequences generated clusters in the chromosomes of the species of Brachiaria studied. We identified genes in synteny with 5S and 45S rDNA sites, which contributed to the identification of chromosome pairs carrying these genes. In some cases, the species of Brachiaria evaluated had syntenic segments conserved across the chromosomes. The use of genomic sequencing data is essential for the enhancement of cytogenetic analyses.
Assuntos
Brachiaria/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Dosagem de Genes/genética , Especiação Genética , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente/métodos , Cariotipagem/métodos , Plantas/genética , Poliploidia , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodosRESUMO
Changes in leaf anatomy were evaluated in genotypes of Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria ruziziensis and three Brachiaria ruziziensis clones through tissue proportion in internerval and midrib regions at three regrowth ages. Plants were grown and cutting was performed after 60 days. Further, leaves were sampled at 8, 15 and 29 regrowth days and processed with usual plant microtechnique. The internerval region showed higher parenchyma percentage at 15 days for Clone 95 and similar values at 15 and 29 days for Clone 1. The proportion of vascular bundles was lower after 15 days in Clones 1 and 95 and 29 days in B. brizantha. In the midrib, the parenchyma proportion was higher at 29 days in B. brizantha and lower at 15 days in B. ruziziensis. The proportion of vascular bundles was higher at 8 days in B. decumbens, B. brizantha and Clone 1, and lower at 29 days for Clones 97 and 95 and at 8 days in B. ruziziensis. Therefore, the regrowth age modifies the percentage of leaf tissues in Brachiaria genotypes, in which the fibers and vascular bundles increase at 29 days and 8-day-old leaves are not fully developed.
A anatomia foliar foi avaliada em genótipos de Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria ruziziensis e três clones de Brachiaria ruziziensis; quanto à proporção de tecidos foliares, em três idades de rebrota. As plantas foram cultivadas e cortadas após 60 dias. As folhas foram amostradas aos 8, 15, 29 dias de rebrota e analisadas pela metodologia de microtécnica vegetal. Na região internervural, a proporção de parênquima foi maior aos 15 dias para o Clone 95, e aos 15 e 29 dias para o Clone 1. Proporção de feixes vasculares foi menor aos 15 dias para os Clones 1 e 95 e aos 29 dias para genótipo B. brizantha. Na nervura central, a proporção de parênquima foi maior aos 29 dias para B. brizantha e menor, aos 15 dias, para B. ruziziensis. Proporção dos feixes vasculares foi maior aos 8 dias para genótipo B. decumbens, B. brizantha e para o Clone 1, e menor aos 29 dias para os Clones 97 e 95; aos 8 dias, para genótipo B. ruziziensis. Portanto, a idade de rebrota modifica a porcentagem de tecidos foliares em genótipos de Brachiaria; contudo, fibras e feixes vasculares aumentam aos 29 dias; aos 8 dias, as folhas não estão totalmente desenvolvidas.
Assuntos
Brachiaria/anatomia & histologia , Brachiaria/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brachiaria/genética , Regeneração/genética , LigninaRESUMO
A rapid method has been proposed for determination of the main conjugated linoleic acid precursors such as linoleic (C18:2 n-6) and linolenic (C18:3 n-3) acids in forages by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with direct UV detection at 200 nm. Among the fatty acids found in forages, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 have received particular attention due to their roles as precursors for the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid, a class of health-enhancing compounds that is predominantly found in dairy products. The electrolyte background consisted of 12.0 mmol/L tetraborate buffer (pH 9.2) added to 12.0 mmol/L Brij 35®, 17% acetonitrile, and 33% methanol. Under the optimized conditions, the baseline separation of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 was achieved within 4 min. The CZE-UV method was compared to GC with a flame ionization detector, which is the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS 996.06) official method for fatty acid analysis. The methods did not show any evidence of significant differences within 95% confidence interval (P>0.05). The CZE-UV method was successfully applied to the analysis of 80 genotypes of Brachiaria ruzizienses clones submitted to a genetic improvement program in agricultural research.
Assuntos
Brachiaria/química , Cromatografia Gasosa/métodos , Eletroforese Capilar/métodos , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/análise , Brachiaria/genética , Ionização de Chama , Genótipo , Íons/química , Limite de Detecção , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Studies on morphological plasticity are extremely important to plant breeding seeking to optimize genotype interactions with their environments. The present study evaluated 38 genotypes of Brachiaria ruziziensis cultivated during the rainy (October to March) and dry (April to September) seasons and examined variations in their anatomical characteristics. Fully expanded leaves were collected and fixed in FAA70 (formaldehyde: acetic acid: ethyl alcohol) for 72h and subsequently stored in 70% alcohol. Median sections of leaf blades were examined and evaluated according to traditional plant anatomical procedures. Genotypes 15, 27, 40, 53, and 90 demonstrated interactions with the environment in five of the anatomical characteristics evaluated; genotypes 1 and 33 presented no plasticity in any of the characteristics examined. Except for the thickness of abaxial (ABT) and adaxial (ADT) epidermal surfaces, the genotypes showed different behaviors for all the other characteristics evaluated: mesophyll thickness (MT), xylem diameter (XD), distance between bundles (DB), number of bundles (NB), number of bulliform cells (NBC), sclerenchyma tissue area (%L), and bulliform cell area (ABC).
O estudo da plasticidade morfológica é de grande importância para os programas de melhoramento que desejam obter materiais promissores quando apresentam a interação genótipo com ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar 38 genótipos de Brachiaria ruziziensis cultivados na época das águas (outubro a março) e da seca (abril a setembro) e observar variações nas características anatômicas nas diferentes estações. Folhas completamente expandidas foram coletadas e fixadas em FAA70 por 72h e armazenadas em álcool 70%. Amostras foliares na parte mediana foram avaliadas de acordo com os procedimentos usuais de anatomia vegetal. Os genótipos 15, 27, 40, 53, e o 90 apresentaram interação com o ambiente em cinco características avaliadas. Os genótipos 1 e 33 não apresentaram plasticidade para nenhuma mensuração. Exceto para espessura das faces abaxial (EBA) e abaxial (EDA) da epiderme, os genótipos apresentaram comportamento diferente para as demais características avaliadas: espessura do mesofilo (EM), diâmetro do xilema (DX), distancia entre feixes (DF), número de feixes (NF) e de células buliformes (NCB), área do tecido esclerenquimático (%L) e das células buliforme (ACB).